R in 3 Months: Week 7 (Tidy Data)

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# Agenda

1. Housekeeping

1. Tidy Data

1. Exercise

1. More Complicated Tidying Examples

1. Next Week

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class: inverse, center, middle

# Housekeeping

???

Discuss week

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# Tidy Data

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# What questions do you have about tidy data?

---

## What is tidy data?

> "Tidy datasets are all alike, but every messy dataset is messy in its own way"
> 
> Hadley Wickham

Tidy data is both a philosophical approach to wrangling data - and a requirement for using parts of the tidyverse.

---

## Defining tidy data

From the [tidy data vignette](https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/articles/tidy-data.html#defining):

1. Every column is a variable.

1. Every row is an observation.

1. Every cell is a single value.

---

# Tidy data and `ggplot2`

`ggplot` needs data in a tidy format. This dataset is the exact opposite of what {ggplot2} needs for a bar chart.

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---

## Tidy data and `ggplot2`

The previous dataset is wide. What `ggplot2` needs is long.

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---

## Is this dataset wide or long?

`data_mike_week_3`

```
## # A tibble: 10 × 16
##    Location   Sector  Year Jan   Feb   Mar   Apr   May   Jun   Jul   Aug   Sept 
##    <chr>      <chr>  <dbl> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
##  1 Chelsea    Comme…  2017 1,00… 895,… 1,03… 655,… 504,… 379,… 320,… 348,… 342,…
##  2 West Spri… Resid…  2016 1,00… 922,… 680,… 481,… 242,… 137,… 120,… 115,… 142,…
##  3 Harwich    Total   2013 1,00… 946,… 780,… 501,… 311,… 220,… 199,… 196,… 197,…
##  4 Weston     Resid…  2017 1,00… 835,… 840,… 508,… 294,… 183,… 136,… 147,… 154,…
##  5 Shrewsbury Comme…  2019 1,00… 867,… 798,… 519,… 339,… 225,… 203,… 240,… 260,…
##  6 Dartmouth  Resid…  2019 1,00… 782,… 723,… 382,… 253,… 129,… 103,… 100,… 119,…
##  7 Sharon     Resid…  2014 1,00… 936,… 835,… 427,… 207,… 120,… 99,2… 99,9… 125,…
##  8 Ludlow     Total   2015 1,00… 940,… 669,… 138,… 159,… 104,… 98,0… 97,7… 110,…
##  9 Swansea    Total   2018 1,00… 732,… 813,… 593,… 255,… 137,… 103,… 101,… 104,…
## 10 Braintree  Resid…  2017 1,00… 885,… 814,… 518,… 265,… 157,… 117,… 117,… 130,…
## # … with 4 more variables: Oct <chr>, Nov <chr>, Dec <chr>, Annual <chr>
```

---

## Is this dataset wide or long?

`wakefield_dataset`

```
## # A tibble: 100 × 4
##    name         age gender religion 
##    <chr>      <int> <chr>  <chr>    
##  1 Chanel        66 Male   Buddhist 
##  2 Marillyn      68 Male   Christian
##  3 Brentleigh    65 Male   None     
##  4 Nagisa        71 Female Buddhist 
##  5 Suave         86 Male   None     
##  6 Ariss         80 Female Muslim   
##  7 Walt          64 Female Hindu    
##  8 Hafiz         46 Male   Folk     
##  9 Marsden       79 Female Folk     
## 10 Javale        29 Female Muslim   
## # … with 90 more rows
```

---

## Is this dataset wide or long?

`tidycensus`

```
## # A tibble: 108 × 5
##    GEOID NAME                     variable              estimate   moe
##    <chr> <chr>                    <chr>                    <dbl> <dbl>
##  1 41001 Baker County, Oregon     n_in_poverty_under_18      494   204
##  2 41001 Baker County, Oregon     n_in_poverty_male          907   230
##  3 41001 Baker County, Oregon     n_in_poverty_female       1014   222
##  4 41003 Benton County, Oregon    n_in_poverty_under_18     2042   408
##  5 41003 Benton County, Oregon    n_in_poverty_male         8439   587
##  6 41003 Benton County, Oregon    n_in_poverty_female       7880   599
##  7 41005 Clackamas County, Oregon n_in_poverty_under_18     8002   982
##  8 41005 Clackamas County, Oregon n_in_poverty_male        14369  1199
##  9 41005 Clackamas County, Oregon n_in_poverty_female      18234  1139
## 10 41007 Clatsop County, Oregon   n_in_poverty_under_18      573   206
## # … with 98 more rows
```

---

## Is this dataset wide or long?

`tidycensus v2`

```
## # A tibble: 36 × 8
##    GEOID NAME                    n_in_…¹ n_in_…² n_in_…³ n_in_…⁴ n_in_…⁵ n_in_…⁶
##    <chr> <chr>                     <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>
##  1 41039 Lane County, Oregon       29634    1657   34823    1495   13381    1111
##  2 41067 Washington County, Ore…   23520    1382   28586    1498   15621    1342
##  3 41007 Clatsop County, Oregon     1818     337    2046     348     573     206
##  4 41029 Jackson County, Oregon    14802    1097   18432    1335    9317    1040
##  5 41023 Grant County, Oregon        558     139     725     181     307     109
##  6 41005 Clackamas County, Oreg…   14369    1199   18234    1139    8002     982
##  7 41057 Tillamook County, Oreg…    1614     298    1751     307     957     297
##  8 41033 Josephine County, Oreg…    7488     797    7896     796    4102     644
##  9 41059 Umatilla County, Oregon    5296     700    7630     917    4991     841
## 10 41009 Columbia County, Oregon    2497     404    3431     473    1478     440
## # … with 26 more rows, and abbreviated variable names ¹n_in_poverty_maleE,
## #   ²n_in_poverty_maleM, ³n_in_poverty_femaleE, ⁴n_in_poverty_femaleM,
## #   ⁵n_in_poverty_under_18E, ⁶n_in_poverty_under_18M
```

---

## Is this dataset wide or long?

`wikipedia_calendars`

```
## # A tibble: 5 × 6
##   Name                         Type             Group      Intro…¹ Usage Comme…²
##   <chr>                        <chr>            <chr>      <chr>   <chr> <chr>  
## 1 Vikram samwat                Lunisolar        Indian     Ancien… Indi… The Vi…
## 2 Egyptian calendar            fixed (365 days) Egyptian   Bronze… Midd… The ye…
## 3 Umma calendar                lunisolar        Mesopotam… Bronze… Sume… Record…
## 4 Pentecontad calendar         solar            Mesopotam… Bronze… Amor… A Bron…
## 5 Four Seasons and Eight Nodes solar            Chinese    Bronze… China The ye…
## # … with abbreviated variable names ¹Introduction, ²Comments
```

---

# `pivot_longer()`

```r
your_data %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = columns_to_pivot,
               names_to = "name_column_name",
               values_to = "value_column_name")
```

---

## `pivot_longer()`

```r
relig_income
```

---

## `pivot_longer()`

```r
relig_income %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = -religion,
               names_to = "income_group",
               values_to = "n")
```

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---

# Exercise

---

## Exercise

Copy the code from [this gist](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/dgkeyes/1d5ceb8b607266f1d197a218dd5c6882/raw/3591c9dc6e02ee78e3471bc40753cc948456c4d1/tidy-data-exercise.R) into a new R script file. Then tidy the `gapminder_wide` data.

---

# More complicated tidying

---

### pivot_longer(names_sep)

It's possible to tell `pivot_longer()` to split column names into two "name" columns.

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</div>

---

## Why is wide data sometimes desirable?

Do you have any ideas?

- If you're making beautiful tables, you likely want wide data.

- You can't mix different data types (eg age and religion)

- Joining datsets with `left_join()` sometimes requires wide data

---

# Next Week: Separating columns and multiple choice responses

Next week we will talk about survey datasets and separating columns that contain multiple choice (i.e. check all that apply) items.

---

## Next Week

There are two big topics in the next week:

1. Reducing repetitive code with user-defined functions

1. Joining together datasets by shared columns (i.e. data merging)

These skills will equip you to deal with more complex and larger scale data wrangling

---

## Project assignment

Use the `pivot_longer()` function to tidy your data and visualise it with {ggplot2}